AVR Embedded Tutorial - I²C, TWI

│ Deutsch (de) │ English (en) │

I²C / TWI

This code is for an Atmega328/Arduino with 16MHz clock.

How to control the UART can be found here: UARTInit and UARTSendString (...

Description

This example demonstrates the communication with the I²C/TWI interface.

Two AD1115 A/D converters are used as slave devices. These are very easy to use and are also very easy to obtain. What is very important is that with TWIStart you shift the address one bit to the left and then combine it with or using Write/Read. There are many tutorials on this.

PulUp resistors are not necessary because they are already installed on the ADS1115 board (Caution: check your board for pullup resistors).

I²C functions

Constants

  const
    CPU_Clock = 16000000; // Arduino clock frequency, default 16MHz.
    ADSaddr0  = $48;      // Address converter 0
    ADSaddr1  = $49;      // Address converter 1
    I2C_clock = 400000;   // I²C clock (400KHz)
    TWI_Write = 0;
    TWI_Read  = 1;

Initialize I²C

  procedure TWIInit;
    const
      TWBR_val = byte((CPU_Clock div I2C_clock) - 16) div 2;
    begin
      TWSR := 0;
      TWBR := byte(TWBR_val);
    end;

Start I²C send/receive

  procedure TWIStart(addr : byte);
   begin
     // Initiate sending / receiving
     TWCR := 0;
     TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWSTA) or (1 shl TWEN);

     while ((TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0) do 
       begin
       end;

     // Send the address of the end device
     TWDR := addr;
     TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWEN);

     while((TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0) do 
       begin
       end;
   end;

I²C transmission / reception ended

  procedure TWIStop ;
    begin
      TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWSTO) or (1 shl TWEN);
    end;

Send characters

  procedure TWIWrite(u8data : byte);
    begin
      TWDR := u8data;
      TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWEN);

      while((TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0) do 
        begin
        end;
    end;

Receive characters

Except for the last character, characters must be read with TWIReadACK (.... The last character must be read with TWIReadNACK(...

  // Read to the penultimate character.
  function TWIReadACK : byte;
  begin
    TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWEN) or (1 shl TWEA);
     
    while (TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0 do 
      begin
      end;

   Result := TWDR;
  end;

  // read last character.
  function TWIReadNACK : byte ;
  begin
    TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWEN);

    while(TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0 do 
      begin
      end;
   
    Result := TWDR;
  end;

  Note: These functions get stuck in the event of a hardware error or the slave address is wrong!

Character received with error query

So that these functions do not get stuck, you have to install a counter in the while loop.

When the counter reaches 255, the loop is interrupted and an error is output.

255 is reached if no device is found at the I²C address.

  // Read to the penultimate character.
 function TWIReadACK_Error : byte;
 var
   err : byte;
 begin
   err := 0;
   TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWEN) or (1 shl TWA);

   while ((TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0) and (err < 255) do 
     begin
        Inc(err);
     end;

   if err = 255 then 
     begin
       UARTSendString('I²C-Timeout');
       Result := 0;
     end 
   else 
     begin
       Result := TWDR;
     end;
 end;

 // read last character.
 function TWIReadNACK_Error : byte;
 var
   err : byte;
 begin
   err  := 0;
   TWCR := (1 shl TWINT) or (1 shl TWEN);

   while((TWCR and (1 shl TWINT)) = 0) and (err < 255) do 
     begin
       Inc(err);
     end;

   if err = 255 then 
     begin
       UARTSendString('I²C-Timeout');
       Result := 0;
     end 
   else 
     begin
       Result := TWDR;
     end;
 end;

ADS1115 specific code

This code is ADS1115 specific, for other I²C devices you will have to check their data sheets.

  // Send parameters to ADS1115 and initiate measurement
   procedure WriteADS1115(addr : UInt16);
   begin
     TWIStart((addr shl 1) or TWI_Write);
     TWIWrite(1);
     TWIWrite(%11000011);  // High
     TWIWrite(%11100011);  // low
     TWIStop;
   end;

   // Read out measurement from ADS1115.
   function ReadADS1115(addr : UInt16) : UInt16;
   begin
     TWIStart((addr shl 1) or TWI_Write);
     TWIWrite(0);
     TWIStop;

     TWIStart((addr shl 1) or TWI_Read);
     Result := TWIReadACK * $100 + TWIReadNACK;
     TWIStop;
   end;

Example

  var
   Data : Integer;
   s    : ShortString;

 begin
   asm cli end ;  // block interrupt
   UARTInit;
   TWIInit;
   asm be end;    // release interrupt

   repeat
     WriteADS1115(ADSaddr0);
     Data := ReadADS1115(ADSaddr0);

     str(Data : 6, s);
     UARTSendString('Channel 0:');
     UARTSendString(s);

     WriteADS1115(ADSaddr1);
     Data := ReadADS1115(ADSaddr1);

     str(Data : 6, s);
     UARTSendString('Channel 1:');
     UARTSendString(s);
     UARTSendString(#13#10);
   until 1 = 2;
 end.

ADS1115 parameters

A list of the parameters for the ADS1115. More information is in the data sheet.

Bit assignment of the ADS1115:

Low: 11100011 High: 11000011

Bit	Name	Description
15	OS: Operational status or single-shot conversion start	0 : no effect 1 : Start a single conversion (when in power-down state)
14:12	MUX[2:0]: Input multiplexer configuration (ADS1115 only)	000 : AINP = AIN0 and AINN = AIN1 (default) 001 : AINP = AIN0 and AINN = AIN3 010 : AINP = AIN1 and AINN = AIN3 011 : AINP = AIN2 and AINN = AIN3 100 : AINP = AIN0 and AINN = GND 101 : AINP = AIN1 and AINN = GND 110 : AINP = AIN2 and AINN = GND 111 : AINP = AIN3 and AINN = GND
11:9	PGA[2:0]:Programmable gain amplifier configuration	000 : FSR = ±6.144 V 001 : FSR = ±4.096 V 010 : FSR = ±2.048 V (default) 011 : FSR = ±1.024 V 100 : FSR = ±0.512 V 101 : FSR = ±0.256 V 110 : FSR = ±0.256 V 111 : FSR = ±0.256 V
8	MODE: Device operating mode	0 : Continuous-conversion mode 1 : Single-shot mode or power-down state (default)
7:5	DR[2:0]: Data rate	000 : 8 SPS 001 : 16 SPS 010 : 32 SPS 011 : 64 SPS 100 : 128 SPS (default) 101 : 250 SPS 110 : 475 SPS 111 : 860 SPS
4	COMP_MODE: Comparator mode	0 : Traditional comparator (default) 1 : Window comparator
3	COMP_POL: Comparator polarity	0 : Active low (default) 1 : Active high
2	COMP_LAT: Latching comparator	0 : Nonlatching comparator (default) 1 : Latching comparator
1:0	COMP_QUE[1:0]: Comparator queue and disable	00 : Assert after one conversion 01 : Assert after two conversions 10 : Assert after four conversions 11 : Disable comparator and set ALERT/RDY pin to high-impedance (default)

See also

• Overview page - AVR Embedded Tutorial