Lazarus Database Tutorial/ja

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概要

このチュートリアルは、Lazarusでいろいろなデータベースの操作を行うためのものです。 Lazarusでは、いくつかのデータベースを外部的にサポートしています。しかし、それぞれのデータベースにたいして開発者は適切なパッケージをインストールしなくてはなりません。 データベースには、コードを書いたり、フォーム上のコンポーネントをドロップしてアクセスすることができます。データアウェアコンポーネントは、DataSourceプロパティをTDatasetに設定することで、接続し、フィールドに対応して表示することができます。データソースはあるテーブルをあらわし、データベースコンポーネント(たとえば、TPSQLDatabase, TSQLiteDataSet)へDataSetプロパティをとおして接続されます。 データアウェアコンポーネントは、IDE上の"Data Controls"タブ上にあり、データソースとデータベースのコントロールは"Data Access"タブ上にあります。

Lazarus と MySQL

MySQLをLinuxやWindowsで動作させる

MySQL User Manualの指示に従って進めてください。

インストール後、mysqldデーモンが動作していることを確認してください。 また、セキュリティをたもちながら、すべての必要なホスト('localhost',ホスト名,ネットワーク上の他のホスト名)から、すべての必要なユーザー(ルート、mysql、あなた自身、他に必要なユーザーを含む)に、必要な権限が与えられているか、確認してください。

、すべての潜在的ユーザ(根、mysql、自分、およびそれを必要とするかもしれない他の誰かを含んでいます)がセキュリティと一致したそのままな同じくらい遠くに必要とされるかもしれないのと('localhost'、地元のホストの名前、あなたのネットワークのいかなる他のホストも含んでいます)同じくらい多くのホストから必要とするのと同じくらい多くの特権を持っているのを確実にしてください。

ルートを含むすべてのユーザがパスワードを持っているのが、望ましいです。 マニュアルにある例でデータベース・システムの機能をテストしてください。 そして、本当にすべてのユーザが信頼できるアクセスができるかチェックしてください。

(訳注:データベースに接続できない場合、プログラムのプロパティの設定が悪い場合もありますが、そもそも、プログラムの前に、インストール、PCの設定、ユーザー、それぞれの権限の設定がきちんとできているか、データベースのサンプルなどであらかじめ確認しておくことが必要です。)

MySQLをFPCのテキストモードで動かしてみよう

例となるフォルダが$(fpcsrcdir)/packages/base/mysql/にあります。 LazarusのIDEで、menu -> Environment Options -> Paths tab -> FPC source directoryにFPCのソースディレクトリがあります。MySQLが置いてある可能性のあるディレクトリは、rpmによるインストールだと、/usr/share/fpcsrc/packages/base/mysql/ Windowsでは C:\lazarus\fpcsrc\packages\base\mysql\です。

このディレクトリには、mysql.pp, mysql_com.pp そして mysql_version.ppがあります。 テストスクリプトを実行する前に、testdbというデータベースを生成する必要があります。 これをおこなうには、MySQL monitorにrootとして、全権限をもってログインして、次のステートメントを発行します。

CREATE DATABASE testdb;

それから、すべて関連しているユーザが適切なアクセス権を持っていることを確認してください。

GRANT ALL ON testdb TO johnny-user IDENTIFIED BY 'johnnyspassword'; 

ここに、いま実行すべきであるmkdbと呼ばれるスクリプトがあります。

sh ./mkdb

システムが、匿名のユーザにデータベースへのアクセスを許可していないとき、これはたぶん失敗するでしょう。 その場合は、エディタをつかって、MySQLがその行を呼び出すように、スクリプトを変更してください。

mysql -u root -p  ${1-testdb} << EOF >/dev/null

そして、再度mkdbを走らせてみます。プロンプトが出たら、パスワードを入力してください。


幸運にも、あなたは何とかテストデータベースを作成したに違いありません。MySQL monitorにログインしている間、 MySQLステートメントを発行して、テストしてください。

select * from FPdev;

そうすると、FPC開発者のID,ユーザー名、電子メールアドレスが表記されているテーブルを見ることができるでしょう。

今度は、testdb.ppというプログラムを実行させてみてください。 (これは、コンパイルしてください。ほとんど最初は失敗するでしょうけど) 私はこのプログラムはいくつかの理由でmysqlに接続できないことを発見しました。

  • My system (SuSE Linux v9.0) installs mysql v4.0.15, not the version3 for which the package was designed.
  • The program needs to have user names and passwords to get access to the database.
  • The compiler needs to know where to find the mysql libraries (IF YOU HAVEN'T INSTALLED THE MYSQL DEVELOPMENT LIBRARIES, DO SO NOW!)

I created a copy of testdb.pp called trydb.pp, rather than editing the original - this means that the original files still get fixed in subsequent CVS updates. I also copied the files found in the subdirectory mysql/ver40/ into the main mysql/ subdirectory, renaming them mysql_v4.pp, mysql_com_v4.pp and mysql_version_v4.pp, being sure to rename the units within each file correspondingly. I changed the uses statement in trydb.pp to

uses mysql_v4

and the statement in mysql_v4.pp to

uses mysql_com_v4

I added a line to /etc/fpc.cfg to point to my libraries:

-Fl/lib;/usr/lib

The following step might not be necessary if the devel-libraries are installed as the links will be created for you, but it never hurts to check. I had to find the real name of the mysqlclint library in the /usr/lib directory and in my case I had to issue the shell command:

ln -s libmysqlclient.so.12.0.0 lmysqlclient

to make a symbolic link allowing FPC to find the library. For good measure I also created the link

ln -s libmysqlclient.so.12.0.0 mysqlclient

and placed similar links in various other directories: not strictly necessary, but just in case ...! Some users might need to add the following link:

ln -s libmysqlclient.so.12.0.0 libmysqlclient.so

I modified trydb.pp to include user details, initially by adding host, user and password as constants:

const
  host : Pchar= 'localhost';
  user : Pchar= 'myusername';
  passwd: Pchar = 'mypassword';

I also found that I couldn't connect to mysql using the mysql_connect() call, but had to use mysql_real_connect() which has many more parameters. To complicate things further, the number of parameters seems to have changed between version3 (where there are seven) and version4 (where there are eight). Before using mysql_real_connect I had to use mysql_init() which is not found in the original mysql.pp but is found in mysql_v4.pp.

So the code for connection to the database is now:

{ a few extra variables}
var
  alloc : PMYSQL;
 
{main program fragment}
 
begin
 if paramcount=1 then
   begin
   Dummy:=Paramstr(1)+#0;
   DataBase:=@Dummy[1];
   end;
 
Writeln ('Allocating Space...');
 alloc := mysql_init(PMYSQL(@qmysql));
 Write ('Connecting to MySQL...');
 sock :=  mysql_real_connect(alloc, host, user, passwd, database, 0, nil, 0);
 if sock=Nil then
   begin
   Writeln (stderr,'Couldnt connect to MySQL.');
   Writeln (stderr, 'Error was: ', mysql_error(@qmysql));
   halt(1);
   end;
 Writeln ('Done.');
 Writeln ('Connection data:');
{$ifdef Unix}
 writeln ('Mysql_port      : ',mysql_port);
 writeln ('Mysql_unix_port : ',mysql_unix_port);
{$endif}
 writeln ('Host info       : ',mysql_get_host_info(sock));
 writeln ('Server info     : ',mysql_stat(sock));
 writeln ('Client info     : ',mysql_get_client_info);
 
 Writeln ('Selecting Database ',DataBase,'...');
 if mysql_select_db(sock,DataBase) < 0 then
   begin
   Writeln (stderr,'Couldnt select database ',Database);
   Writeln (stderr,mysql_error(sock));
   halt (1);
   end;
{... as original contents of testdb.pp}


Now - ready to start compiling trydb.pp?

 fpc trydb

success! Now run it:

 ./trydb

whoopee! I got the listing of the FPC developers!

A few extra refinements: make the entry of user details and the mysql commands interactive, using variables rather than constants, and allow several SQL commands to be entered, until we issue the quit command: see the full program listing, where user details are entered from the console, and the program goes into a loop where SQL commands are entered from the console (without the terminal semicolon) and the responses are printed out, until 'quit' is entered from the keyboard.

See Sample Console Listing.

Connecting to MySQL from a Lazarus Application

This tutorial shows how to connect Lazarus to the MySQL database, and execute simple queries, using only the basic Lazarus components; it uses no Data Aware components, but illustrates the principles of interfacing with the database.

Create a new project in Lazarus:

Project -> New Project -> Application

A new automatically generated Form will appear.

Enlarge the form to fill about half of the screen, then re-name the form and its caption to 'TryMySQL'.

From the Standard Component tab place three Edit Boxes on the upper left side of the Form, and immediately above each box place a label. Change the names and captions to 'Host' (and HostLLabel,HostEdit), 'UserName' (and UserLabel, UserEdit) and 'Password' (with PasswdLabel and PasswdEdit). Alternatively you could use LabelledEdit components from the Additional tab.

Select the Passwd Edit box and find the PasswordChar property: change this to * or some other character, so that when you type in a password the characters do not appear on your screen but are echoed by a series of *s. Make sure that the Text property of each edit box is blank.

Now place another Edit box and label at the top of the right side of your form. Change the label to 'Enter SQL Command' and name it CommandEdit.

Place three Buttons on the form: two on the left under the Edit boxes, and one on the right under the command box.

Label the buttons on the left 'Connect to Database' (ConnectButton)and 'Exit' (ExitButton) and the one on the right 'Send Query' (QueryButton).

Place a large Memo Box labelled and named 'Results' (ResultMemo) on the lower right, to fill most of the available space. Find its ScrollBars property and select ssAutoBoth so that scroll bars appear automatically if text fills the space. Make the WordWrap property True.

Place a Status Bar (from the Common Controls tab) at the bottom of the Form, and make its SimpleText property 'TryMySQL'.

A screenshot of the Form can be seen here: Mysql Example Screenshot

Now we need to write some event handlers.

The three Edit boxes on the left are for entry of hostname, username and password. When these have been entered satisfactorily, the Connect Button is clicked. The OnCLick event handler for this button is based on part of the text-mode FPC program above.

The responses from the database cannot now be written using the Pascal write or writeln statements: rather, the replies have to be converted into strings and displayed in the Memo box. Whereas the Pascal write and writeln statements are capable of performing a lot of type conversion 'on the fly', the use of a memo box for text output necessitates the explicit conversion of data types to the correct form of string, so Pchar variables have to be converted to strings using StrPas, and integers have to be converted with IntToStr.

Strings are displayed in the Memo box using

procedure ShowString (S : string);
(* display a string in a Memo box *)
begin
       trymysqlForm1.ResultsMemo.Lines.Add (S)
end;

The ConnectButton event handler thus becomes:

procedure TtrymysqlForm1.ConnectButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
(* Connect to MySQL using user data from Text entry boxes on Main Form *)
var strg: string;
 
begin
 
 dummy1 :=  trymysqlForm1.HostEdit.text+#0;
 host := @dummy1[1];
 dummy2 := trymysqlForm1.UserEdit.text+#0;
 user := @dummy2[1] ;
 dummy3 := trymysqlForm1.PasswdEdit.text+#0;
 passwd := @dummy3[1] ;
 alloc := mysql_init(PMYSQL(@qmysql));
 sock :=  mysql_real_connect(alloc, host, user, passwd, database, 0, nil, 0);
 if sock=Nil then
   begin
     strg :='Couldnt connect to MySQL.'; showstring (strg);
     Strg :='Error was: '+ StrPas(mysql_error(@qmysql)); showstring (strg);
  end
   else
   begin
     trymysqlForm1.statusBar1.simpletext := 'Connected to MySQL';
     strg := 'Now choosing database : ' + database; showstring (strg);
{$ifdef Unix}
     strg :='Mysql_port      : '+ IntToStr(mysql_port); showstring (strg);
     strg :='Mysql_unix_port : ' + StrPas(mysql_unix_port); showstring (strg);
{$endif}
     Strg :='Host info       : ' + StrPas(mysql_get_host_info(sock));
     showstring (strg);
     Strg :='Server info     : ' + StrPas(mysql_stat(sock)); showstring (strg);
     Strg :='Client info     : ' + Strpas(mysql_get_client_info);  showstring (strg);
 
     trymysqlForm1.statusbar1.simpletext := 'Selecting Database ' + DataBase +'...';
 if mysql_select_db(sock,DataBase) < 0 then
 begin
   strg :='Couldnt select database '+ Database; ShowString (strg);
   Strg := mysql_error(sock); ShowString (strg);
 end
 end;
end;


The Text Box on the right allows entry of a SQL statement, without a terminal semicolon; when you are satisfied with its content or syntax, the SendQuery button is pressed, and the query is processed, with results being written in the ResultsMemo box.

The SendQuery event handler is again based on the FPC text-mode version, except that once again explicit type-conversion has to be done before strings are displayed in the box.

A difference from the text-mode FPC program is that if an error condition is detected, the program does not halt and MySQL is not closed; instead, control is returned to the main form and an opportunity is given to correct the entry before the command is re-submitted. The application finally exits (with closure of MySQL) when the Exit Button is clicked.

The code for SendQuery follows:

procedure TtrymysqlForm1.QueryButtonClick(Sender: TObject);
var
 dumquery, strg: string;
begin
     dumquery := TrymysqlForm1.CommandEdit.text;
     dumquery := dumquery+#0;
     query := @dumquery[1];
     trymysqlForm1.statusbar1.simpletext := 'Executing query : '+ dumQuery +'...';
     strg := 'Executing query : ' + dumQuery; showstring (strg);
     if (mysql_query(sock,Query) < 0) then
     begin
       Strg :='Query failed '+ StrPas(mysql_error(sock)); showstring (strg);
     end
     else
     begin
       recbuf := mysql_store_result(sock);
       if RecBuf=Nil then
       begin
         Strg :='Query returned nil result.'; showstring (strg);
       end
       else
       begin
         strg :='Number of records returned  : ' + IntToStr(mysql_num_rows (recbuf));
         Showstring (strg);
         Strg :='Number of fields per record : ' + IntToStr(mysql_num_fields(recbuf));
         showstring (strg);
         rowbuf := mysql_fetch_row(recbuf);
         while (rowbuf <>nil) do
         begin
              Strg :='(Id: '+ rowbuf[0]+', Name: ' + rowbuf[1]+ ', Email : ' +
               rowbuf[2] +')';
              showstring (strg);
              rowbuf := mysql_fetch_row(recbuf);
         end;
       end;
     end;
end;


Save your Project, and press Run -> Run

Download MYSQL Source Code

A full listing of the program is available here Sample Source Code

Lazarus and Postgresql

This is a very short tutorial to get Lazarus 0.9.12 or later to connect to a PostGreSQL database, local or remote, using TPQConnection.

After correct install, follow these steps:

  • Place a PQConnection from the SQLdb tab
  • Place a SQLQuery from the SQLdb tab
  • Place a SQLTransaction from the SQLdb tab
  • Place a DataSource from the DataAccess tab
  • Place a DBGrid from the DataControls tab
  • In the PQConnection fill in:
    • transaction property with the respective SQLTransaction object
    • Database name
    • HostName
    • UserName + password
  • Check that the SQLTransaction was automatically changed to point to the PQConnection
  • In the SQLQuery fill in:
    • transaction property with the respective object
    • database property with respective object
    • SQL (something like 'select * from anytable')
  • In the DataSource object fill in the DataSet property with the SQLQuery object
  • In the DBGrid fill in the datasource as the DataSource Object

Turn everything to connected and active and the DBGrid should be filled in design time. TDBText and TDBEdit seem to work but (for me) they only _show_ _data_.

To change contents in the database, I called the DB Engine direct with the following code:

 try
   sql:= 'UPDATE table SET setting=1';
   PQDataBase.Connected:=True;
   PQDataBase.ExecuteDirect('Begin Work;');
   PQDataBase.ExecuteDirect(sql);
   PQDataBase.ExecuteDirect('Commit Work;');
   PQDataBase.Connected:=False;
 except
   on E : EDatabaseError do
     MemoLog.Append('DB ERROR:'+sql+chr(13)+chr(10)+E.ClassName+chr(13)+chr(10)+E.Message);
   on E : Exception do
     MemoLog.Append('ERROR:'+sql+chr(13)+chr(10)+E.ClassName+chr(13)+chr(10)+E.Message);
 end;


  • Notes:
    • Tested on windows, Lazarus 0.9.12 + PGSQL 8.3.1
    • Some tests in linux, Lazarus 0.9.12 and PGSQL 8.0.x


  • Instalation and errors:
    • In the tested version of Lazarus .12, fields of type "text" and "numeric" have bugs
    • I used with no problems char fixed size, int and float8
    • Sometimes restarting Lazarus solves stupid errors...
    • After some errors, the transactions remain active and should be deactivated mannually
    • Changes made in Lazarus are of course not visible until transaction commited
    • The integrated debugger seems buggy (at least in windows) - sometimes running outside of the IDE may help to find errors
    • In linux certain error messages are printed in the console -- run your program in the command line, sometimes there is some extra useful debugging info
    • Error: "Can not load Postgresql client. Is it installed (libpq.so) ?"
      • Add the path to seach libpq* from the PostgreSQL installation.
      • In linux add the path to the libpq.so file to the libraries section in your /etc/fpc.cfg file. For example : -Fl/usr/local/pgsql/lib
      • In windows, add these libs anywhere in the Path environment variable or project dir
      • I windows, I copied all the DLLs in my C:\Program Files\PostgreSQL\8.1\bin dir to another dir in the PATH
      • Or add this postgres\bin dir to the path

Lazarus and SQLite

by Luiz Américo

Introduction

TSqliteDataset and TSqlite3Dataset are TDataset descendants that access, respectively, 2.8.x and 3.2.x sqlite databases. Below is a list of the principal advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:

  • Flexible: programmers can choose to use or not to use the SQL language, allowing them to work with simple table layouts or any complex layout that SQL/sqlite allows
  • Automatic database update: no need to update the database manually with SQL statements, a single method take cares of it
  • Fast: it caches the data in memory, making browsing in the dataset fast
  • No server instalation/configuration: just ship together with sqlite dynamic library

Disavantages

  • Requires external file (sqlite library)

Requirements

  • For sqlite2 databases:
    • fpc 2.0.0
    • Lazarus 0.9.10
    • sqlite runtime library 2.8.15 or above (get from www.sqlite.org)
  • For sqlite3 databases:
    • fpc 2.0.2
    • Lazarus 0.9.11 (svn revision 8443 or above)
    • sqlite runtime library 3.2.1 or above (get from www.sqlite.org)

Before initiating a lazarus projects, ensure that:

  • the sqlite library is on the system PATH or in the executable directory
  • under Linux, put cmem as the first unit in uses clause of the main program

How To Use (Basic Usage)

Install the package found at /components/sqlite directory (see instructions here)

At design time set the following properties:

  • FileName: path of the sqlite file [required]
  • TableName: name of the table used in the sql statement [required]
  • Sql: a SQL select statement [optional]

Creating a Table (Dataset)

Double click in the component icon or use the 'Create Table' item of the popup menu that appears when clicking the right mouse button. A simple self-explaining table editor will be show.

 Here is all field types supported by TSqliteDataset and TSqlite3Dataset: 
 
 Integer
 AutoInc
 String
 Memo
 Bool 
 Float
 Word
 DateTime
 Date
 Time
 LargeInt
 Currency
 

Retrieving the data

After creating the table or with a previously created Table, open the dataset with Open method. If the SQL property was not set then all records from all fields will be retrieved, the same if you set the SQL to:

 SQL:='Select * from TABLENAME'; 

Applying changes to the underlying datafile

To use the ApplyUpdates function, the dataset must contain at least one field that fills the requirements for a Primary Key (values must be UNIQUE and not NULL)

It's possible to do that in two ways:

  • Set PrimaryKey property to the name of a Primary Key field
  • Add an AutoInc field (This is easier since the TSqliteDataSet automatically handles it as a Primary Key)

If one of the two conditions is set then just call

 ApplyUpdates;

PS1: If both conditions are set, the field corresponding to PrimaryKey is used to apply the updates.

PS2: Setting PrimaryKey to a field that is not a Primary Key will lead to loss of data if ApplyUpdates is called, so ensure that the chosen field contains not Null and Unique values before using it.

Remarks

  • Although it has been tested with 10000 records and worked fine, TSqliteDataset keeps all the data in memory, so remenber to retrieve only the necessary data (principally with Memo Fields).
  • The same datafile (Filename property) can host several tables/datasets
  • Several datasets (different combinations of fields) can be created using the same table simultaneously
  • It's possible to filter the data using WHERE statements in the sql, closing and reopening the dataset (or calling RefetchData method). But in this case, the order and number of fields must remain the same
  • It's also possible to use complex SQL statements using aliases, joins, views in multiple tables (remember that they must reside in the same datafile), but in this case ApplyUpdates won't work. If someone wants to use complex queries and to apply the updates to the datafile, mail me and I will give some hints how to do that
  • Setting filename to a sqlite2.x datafile not created by TSqliteDataset and opening it is allowed but some fields won't have the correct field type detected. These will be treated as string fields.

Generic examples can be found at fpc/fcl/db/sqlite CVS directory

Luiz Américo pascalive(at)bol(dot)com(dot)br

Lazarus and MSSQL

It is working with Zeoslib (latest cvs), see the links on bottom of page.

Lazarus and Interbase / Firebird

See Install Packages. On this page is a first small example en explanation about how to connect to an IB or FB server.

Also work with the latest Zeoslib (from cvs).

FBLib Firebird Library

[1] is an open Source Library No Data Aware for direct access to Firebird Relational Database from Borland Delphi / Kylix, Freepascal and Lazarus.

Current Features include:

  • Direct Access to Firebird 1.0.x 1.5.x Classic or SuperServer
  • Multiplatform [Win32,Gnu/Linux,FreeBSD)
  • Automatic select client library 'fbclient' or 'gds32'
  • Query with params
  • Support SQL Dialect 1/3
  • LGPL License agreement
  • Extract Metadata
  • Simple Script Parser
  • Only 100-150 KB added into final EXE
  • Support BLOB Fields
  • Export Data to HTML SQL Script
  • Service manager (backup,restore,gfix...)
  • Events Alerter

You can download documentation on FBLib's website.

Lazarus and dBase

Tony Maro

You might also want to visit the beginnings of the TDbf Tutorial page

FPC includes a simple database component that is similar in function to the Delphi TTable component called "TDbf" (TDbf Website) that supports a very basic subset of features for dBase files. It is not installed by default, so you will first need to install the Lazarus package from the "lazarus/components/tdbf" directory and rebuild your Lazarus IDE. It will then appear next to the TDatasource in your component palette.

The TDbf component has an advantage over other database components in that it doesn't require any sort of runtime database engine, however it's not the best option for large database applications.

It's very easy to use. Simply, put, drop a TDbf on your form, set the runtime path to the directory that your database files will be in, set the table name, and link it to your TDatasource component.

Real functionality requires a bit more effort, however. If a table doesn't already exist, you'll need to create it programmatically, unless there's a compatible table designer I'm not familiar with.

Attempting to open a non-existant table will generate an error. Tables can be created programmatically through the component after the runtime path and table name are set.

For instance, to create a table called "dvds" to store your dvd collection you would drop it on your form, set the runtime path, and set the table name to "dvds". The resulting file will be called "dvds.dbf".

In your code, insert the following:

   Dbf1.FilePathFull := '/path/to/my/database';
   Dbf1.TableName := 'dvds';
   With Dbf1.FieldDefs do begin
       Add('Name', ftString, 80, True);
       Add('Description', ftMemo, 0, False);
       Add('Rating', ftString, 5, False);
   end;
   Dbf1.CreateTable;

When this code is run, your DVD collection table will be created. After that, all data aware components linked through the TDatasource to this component will allow easy access to the data.

Adding indexes is a little different from your typical TTable. It must be done after the database is open. It's also the same method you use to rebuild the indexes. For instance:

   Dbf1.Exclusive := True;
   Dbf1.Open;
   Dbf1.AddIndex('dvdsname','Name',[ixPrimary, ixUnique, ixCaseInsensitive]);
   Dbf1.AddIndex('rating.ndx', 'Rating', [ixCaseInsensitive]);
   Dbf1.Close;

The first (primary) index will be a file called "dvdsname.mdx" and the second will be a file named "rating.ndx" so in a multiple table database you must be careful not to use the same file name again.

I will try to add a more detailed example at a later date, but hopefully this will get those old Delphi programmers up and running with databases in Lazarus!

Related Links

https://trac.synsport.com:8000/index.php/pdo/wiki (username/password is guest/guest)

Contributors and Changes

This page has been converted from the epikwiki version.