Difference between revisions of "Becomes"
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== syntax justification == | == syntax justification == | ||
− | The rationale of using two characters for assignment instead of just one, say the | + | The rationale of using two characters for assignment instead of just one, say the {{HL|1= =}} sign, is to distinguish between assigning values and comparing for equality. |
It's got its roots in the field of mathematics where a single equal sign is read as an expression, but has no imperative connotation. | It's got its roots in the field of mathematics where a single equal sign is read as an expression, but has no imperative connotation. | ||
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</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
The semantics of this line of code varies among every programming language. | The semantics of this line of code varies among every programming language. | ||
− | + | * in [[Fortran]] and in Basic this line means “Compare the values {{HLC|m}} and {{HLC|x}}, and if they are equal to each other, set {{HLC|n}} ro the value {{HLC|true}}, otherwise set it to the value {{HLC|false}}.” | |
− | In | + | * In the C programming language this construct will assign {{HLC|m}} the value of {{HLC|x}}, and subsequently assign to {{HLC|n}} the value of {{HLC|m}}, so {{HLC|n}} and {{HLC|m}} both have the value of {{HLC|x}}. |
This sort of code has been a common source of errors, compilers nowadays even emit warnings when encountering multiple assignment in a single line. | This sort of code has been a common source of errors, compilers nowadays even emit warnings when encountering multiple assignment in a single line. | ||
Revision as of 13:32, 16 October 2020
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The character pair :=
, that are a colon and an equal sign back to back, is pronounced as “becomes” and used by Pascal as the assignment operator.
assignment
For valid assignments :=
is surrounded by a single variable identifier on the left hand (possibly doing a variable typecast), and an expression evaluating to the data type the variable is declared as on the right hand.
program assignmentDemo(input, output, stderr);
const
diameter = 6;
var
n: integer;
area: real;
givenName: string;
begin
n := 42;
area := pi() * diameter;
givenName := 'Smith';
n := 1000 - n div 2;
end.
Assignments to variables of a subrange type should be handled with care.
The compiler can only yield out-of-range errors for constant expressions, i.e. not depending on any run-time data.
With {$rangeChecks}
enabled a run-time error can be generated.
program assignmentRange(input, output, stderr);
type
naturalNumber = 1..high(longword);
var
n: naturalNumber;
begin
{$rangechecks on}
n := 1; // is OK
n := -42 + n; // will cause RTE 201
end.
handling of special data types
Where simple data types like integer
s and char
acters are realized as mov
instructions or alike, data types that require initialization and finalization such as ansistring
s or class
es need special care.
The compiler will generate appropriate code copying data for following data types.
You don't have to iterate over all components copying each element by hand as it is required in other programming languages.
syntax justification
The rationale of using two characters for assignment instead of just one, say the =
sign, is to distinguish between assigning values and comparing for equality.
It's got its roots in the field of mathematics where a single equal sign is read as an expression, but has no imperative connotation.
In comparison other languages than Pascal allow to write
n = m = x;
The semantics of this line of code varies among every programming language.
- in Fortran and in Basic this line means “Compare the values
m
andx
, and if they are equal to each other, setn
ro the valuetrue
, otherwise set it to the valuefalse
.” - In the C programming language this construct will assign
m
the value ofx
, and subsequently assign ton
the value ofm
, son
andm
both have the value ofx
.
This sort of code has been a common source of errors, compilers nowadays even emit warnings when encountering multiple assignment in a single line.
In Pascal the code excerpt above is illegal. Non-productive statements are not allowed, i.e. something has to be done.
see also
- single assignment, a compiler optimization
single characters |
|
character pairs |
|