Difference between revisions of "Basic Pascal Tutorial/Chapter 1/Constants"
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==Scalar constants== | ==Scalar constants== | ||
+ | |||
Scalar constants are defined in the Const (constant) section of the program: | Scalar constants are defined in the Const (constant) section of the program: | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
const | const | ||
Identifier1 = value; | Identifier1 = value; | ||
Line 19: | Line 21: | ||
Identifier3 = value; | Identifier3 = value; | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
+ | |||
For example, let's define some constants of various data types: strings, characters, integers, reals, and Booleans. These data types will be further explained in the next section. | For example, let's define some constants of various data types: strings, characters, integers, reals, and Booleans. These data types will be further explained in the next section. | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
const | const | ||
Name = 'Tao Yue'; | Name = 'Tao Yue'; | ||
Line 28: | Line 32: | ||
UsingNCSAMosaic = TRUE; | UsingNCSAMosaic = TRUE; | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
− | Note that in Pascal, characters are enclosed in single quotes, or apostrophes (')! This contrasts with newer languages which often use or allow double quotes or Heredoc notation. Standard Pascal does not use or allow double quotes to mark characters or strings. | + | |
+ | Note that in Pascal, single characters are enclosed in single quotes, or apostrophes (')! This contrasts with newer languages which often use or allow double quotes or Heredoc notation. Standard Pascal does not use or allow double quotes to mark characters or strings. | ||
Constants are useful for defining a value which is used throughout your program but may change in the future. Instead of changing every instance of the value, you can change just the constant definition. | Constants are useful for defining a value which is used throughout your program but may change in the future. Instead of changing every instance of the value, you can change just the constant definition. | ||
Typed constants force a constant to be of a particular data type. For example, | Typed constants force a constant to be of a particular data type. For example, | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
const | const | ||
a : real = 12; | a : real = 12; | ||
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would yield an identifier a which contains a real value 12.0 instead of the integer value 12. | would yield an identifier a which contains a real value 12.0 instead of the integer value 12. | ||
+ | ==Record constants== | ||
− | |||
Record constants are created by creating a record type with one or more fields, then creating a constant that references that record type, filling the field(s) with values. | Record constants are created by creating a record type with one or more fields, then creating a constant that references that record type, filling the field(s) with values. | ||
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Lets try a simple example, a complex number constant. | Lets try a simple example, a complex number constant. | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
type | type | ||
complex= record | complex= record | ||
Line 74: | Line 81: | ||
==Array constants== | ==Array constants== | ||
+ | |||
Array constants work much the same as scalar constants, except multiple values can be specified. All of the values must be the same type, whether it is a number (byte, word, integer. real, etc.) or character based (char, string, ansistring, etc.) | Array constants work much the same as scalar constants, except multiple values can be specified. All of the values must be the same type, whether it is a number (byte, word, integer. real, etc.) or character based (char, string, ansistring, etc.) | ||
===One-dimensional arrays=== | ===One-dimensional arrays=== | ||
+ | |||
For one-dimensional array constants. the general format is: | For one-dimensional array constants. the general format is: | ||
:const | :const | ||
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Here's a simple one, the alphabet: | Here's a simple one, the alphabet: | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
const | const | ||
Alphabet: array [1..26] of char = | Alphabet: array [1..26] of char = | ||
Line 97: | Line 107: | ||
'S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' ) ; | 'S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' ) ; | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
+ | |||
There are two rules to remember. As was said before, all the values given have to be of the same type, and you have to specify as many values as there are elements in the array. While the example given above is okay, there will be other parts of the program that reference this array, such as <tt>for</tt> loops. etc. Instead of using the literal 26 for the size of the array, let's use a scalar constant instead: | There are two rules to remember. As was said before, all the values given have to be of the same type, and you have to specify as many values as there are elements in the array. While the example given above is okay, there will be other parts of the program that reference this array, such as <tt>for</tt> loops. etc. Instead of using the literal 26 for the size of the array, let's use a scalar constant instead: | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
Const | Const | ||
LetterCount = 26; | LetterCount = 26; | ||
Line 106: | Line 118: | ||
'S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' ) ; | 'S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' ) ; | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
− | |||
− | Here's a more interesting example, in which several | + | Now, any place you need to reference the size of the array, you can just use <tt>LetterCount</tt>. |
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | Here's a more interesting example, in which several data types are used. This example, which is probably from a calendar program, has all sorts of types: char, string, and integer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
Const | Const | ||
MonthStart = 0 ; // could be 1 and | MonthStart = 0 ; // could be 1 and | ||
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===One-dimensional array of record=== | ===One-dimensional array of record=== | ||
− | An array constant may consist of records. To describe them, we use the ( ) | + | |
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | An array constant may consist of records. To describe them, we use the parentheses ( ) around each record. Using the <tt>complex</tt> type defined in the section on record constants, we can create a constant array of <tt>complex</tt> records, as follows: |
+ | |||
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
type | type | ||
complex= record | complex= record | ||
Line 145: | Line 161: | ||
const | const | ||
Pi = 3.14159267; | Pi = 3.14159267; | ||
− | C2: complex = ( | + | C2: complex = ( I:1.62, r: 96); |
C_Low = 1; C_High = 5; | C_Low = 1; C_High = 5; | ||
C: array [ c_low .. c_high] of complex = ( | C: array [ c_low .. c_high] of complex = ( | ||
− | ( R:3 | + | ( R:3, I:1783.5 ), |
− | ( | + | ( I:1.62, r: 96), |
− | ( r:17 | + | ( r:17, i:l15), |
− | ( r:1.9e56 | + | ( r:1.9e56, i:72.43), |
− | ( R: | + | (I: Pi; R: C2.I ) |
− | + | ); | |
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
− | + | ||
+ | In this case, the comma after each value tells the compiler the next value is another record. And as before, values need not be literals, they can be other constants. Also, values do not have to be given in the same order as defined in the record. | ||
Now for a more (pun unintentional) complex example, we use an enumerated type and a set to define a record constant array: | Now for a more (pun unintentional) complex example, we use an enumerated type and a set to define a record constant array: | ||
− | <syntaxhighlight> | + | |
+ | <syntaxhighlight lang="pascal"> | ||
type | type | ||
MONTH = ( January, February, March, | MONTH = ( January, February, March, | ||
Line 186: | Line 204: | ||
); | ); | ||
</syntaxhighlight> | </syntaxhighlight> | ||
− | |||
{{TYNavigator|Identifiers|Variables_and_Data_Types}} | {{TYNavigator|Identifiers|Variables_and_Data_Types}} |
Revision as of 22:48, 23 December 2019
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1C - Constants (author: Tao Yue, state: changed)
- (update 2019-12-22 Paul Robinson to add record, array constants)
Constants are referenced by identifiers, and can be assigned one value at the beginning of the program. The value stored in a constant cannot be changed.
Constants come in three flavors: Scalars, records, and arrays. A scalar constant is a single identifier which is assigned a single value. A record constant is a single identifier holding one or more separate values in a structured form. An array constant holds multiple values. They will be explained in greater detail in separate sections below.
A constant, whether a scalar, a record field, or an array subscript, may be used in place of a literal of the same type, or may be used anywhere a variable may be used with two exceptions. They cannot be used as the target of an assignment statement, and they cannot be passed as a VAR parameter in a call to a procedure, function, method or property.
Scalar constants
Scalar constants are defined in the Const (constant) section of the program:
const
Identifier1 = value;
Identifier2 = value;
Identifier3 = value;
For example, let's define some constants of various data types: strings, characters, integers, reals, and Booleans. These data types will be further explained in the next section.
const
Name = 'Tao Yue';
FirstLetter = 'a';
Year = 1997;
pi = 3.1415926535897932;
UsingNCSAMosaic = TRUE;
Note that in Pascal, single characters are enclosed in single quotes, or apostrophes (')! This contrasts with newer languages which often use or allow double quotes or Heredoc notation. Standard Pascal does not use or allow double quotes to mark characters or strings.
Constants are useful for defining a value which is used throughout your program but may change in the future. Instead of changing every instance of the value, you can change just the constant definition.
Typed constants force a constant to be of a particular data type. For example,
const
a : real = 12;
would yield an identifier a which contains a real value 12.0 instead of the integer value 12.
Record constants
Record constants are created by creating a record type with one or more fields, then creating a constant that references that record type, filling the field(s) with values.
For record constants, the general format is
- const
- identifier: record_type = ( field_values );
- identifier …
Where
- identifier is the name of the record conatant;
- record_type is the name of the record type used to describe this record constant and
- field_values is a list consisting of a field name from the record_type referenced earlier, a colon, and the value to be assigned to that field, separated from the next field:value pair by a semi colon.
Lets try a simple example, a complex number constant.
type
complex= record
R,I: real;
end;
const
Pi = 3.14159267;
C1: Complex = ( R:3; I: 1783.5 );
C2: complex = ( r: 9.6; I:1.62);
C3: COMPLEX = ( r:17; i:115);
C4: complex = ( r:1.9e56; i:72.43);
C5: Complex=( R: 22.1 ; I: Pi );
Note that fields must be initialized in the same order that they are declared (or the compiler will flag an error). If a record value is missing the compiler will warn of an uninitialized value. The values assigned can be literals or may be a scalar constant.
For how to describe a constant array of record, see the section below.
Array constants
Array constants work much the same as scalar constants, except multiple values can be specified. All of the values must be the same type, whether it is a number (byte, word, integer. real, etc.) or character based (char, string, ansistring, etc.)
One-dimensional arrays
For one-dimensional array constants. the general format is:
- const
- identifier: array[low_value .. high_value] of type = ( values );
- identifier …
Where
- identifier is the name of the array;
- low_value is the lower bound of the array;
- high_value is the upper bound of the array;
- type is the type of value stored in the elements of the array (char, integer, real, string, etc.) and
- values is a list of values with each item in the list separated from the next itwm by a comma.
Here's a simple one, the alphabet:
const
Alphabet: array [1..26] of char =
('A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I',
'J','K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R',
'S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' ) ;
There are two rules to remember. As was said before, all the values given have to be of the same type, and you have to specify as many values as there are elements in the array. While the example given above is okay, there will be other parts of the program that reference this array, such as for loops. etc. Instead of using the literal 26 for the size of the array, let's use a scalar constant instead:
Const
LetterCount = 26;
Alphabet: array [1..LetterCount] of char =
('A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I',
'J','K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R',
'S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z' ) ;
Now, any place you need to reference the size of the array, you can just use LetterCount.
Here's a more interesting example, in which several data types are used. This example, which is probably from a calendar program, has all sorts of types: char, string, and integer.
Const
MonthStart = 0 ; // could be 1 and
MonthEnd = 11; // 12 if desired
DayStart = 0 ; // same,could be 1 and
DayEnd = 6; // 7
DayNameCh: array [DayStart .. DayEnd] of char =(
'S','M','T','W','H','F','A');
DayNameShort: array [DayStart .. DayEnd] of string=
( 'Sun','Mon','Tue','Wed','Thu',
'Fri','Sat' ) ;
DayNameLong: array DayStart .. DayEnd] of
string = ( 'Sunday', 'Monday','Tuesday','Wednesday',
'Thursday', 'Friday', 'Saturday' );
MonthNameLong: array[MonthStart ..MonthEnd] of string = (
'January','February','March','April',
'May','June','July','August',
'September','October','November'.
'December'
);
MomthDays: ARRAY [ MonthStart .. MonthEnd ] of
integer = ( 31, 28, 31, 30, 31, 30,
31, 31, 30. 31, 30, 31 );
Notice that for the items indicated as type string, while every value had to be a string, they were not required to all be the same size.
One-dimensional array of record
An array constant may consist of records. To describe them, we use the parentheses ( ) around each record. Using the complex type defined in the section on record constants, we can create a constant array of complex records, as follows:
type
complex= record
R,I: real;
end;
const
Pi = 3.14159267;
C2: complex = ( I:1.62, r: 96);
C_Low = 1; C_High = 5;
C: array [ c_low .. c_high] of complex = (
( R:3, I:1783.5 ),
( I:1.62, r: 96),
( r:17, i:l15),
( r:1.9e56, i:72.43),
(I: Pi; R: C2.I )
);
In this case, the comma after each value tells the compiler the next value is another record. And as before, values need not be literals, they can be other constants. Also, values do not have to be given in the same order as defined in the record.
Now for a more (pun unintentional) complex example, we use an enumerated type and a set to define a record constant array:
type
MONTH = ( January, February, March,
April, May, June,
July, August, September,
October, November, December);
MonthSet = Set of Month;
EachMonth=Record
Name, Short: String;
Count: Integer;
end;
Const
Months: array [ monthSet ] of EachMonth = (
(Name: 'January', Short: 'Jan', Count: 31 ),
(Name: 'February', Short: 'Feb', Count: 28 ),
(Name: 'March', Short: 'Mar', Count: 31 ),
(Name: 'April', Short: 'Apr', Count: 30 ),
(Name: 'May', Short: 'May', Count: 31 ),
(Name: 'June', Short: 'Jun', Count: 30 ),
(Name: 'July', Short: 'Jul', Count: 31 ),
(Name: 'August', Short: 'Aug', Count: 31 ),
(Name: 'September',Short: 'Sep', Count: 30 ),
(Name: 'October', Short: 'Oct', Count: 31 ),
(Name: 'November', Short: 'Nov', Count: 30 ),
(Name: 'December', Short: 'Dec', Count: 31 )
);